A Signaling View into the Inflammatory Tumor Microenvironment

The development of tumors requires an initiator event, usually exposure to DNA damaging agents that cause genetic alterations such as gene mutations or chromosomal abnormalities, leading to deregulated cell proliferation.Although the mere stochastic accumulation of further mutations may cause tumor progression, it is now clear that an inflammatory

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Natural killer cells are required for the recruitment of CD8+ T cells and the efficacy of immune checkpoint blockade in melanoma brain metastases

Background Brain metastases (BrM) affect up to 60% of patients with metastatic melanoma and are associated with poor prognosis.While combined immune checkpoint blockade of programmed death-1 (PD-1) and cytotoxic T-lymphocyte-associated protein 4 (CTLA-4) demonstrates intracranial efficacy in a proportion of patients with melanoma, the responses are

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A widespread chromosomal inversion polymorphism contributes to a major life-history transition, local adaptation, and reproductive isolation.

The role of chromosomal inversions in adaptation and speciation is controversial.Historically, inversions were thought to contribute to these processes either by directly causing hybrid sterility or by Pram Toy facilitating the maintenance of co-adapted gene complexes.Because inversions suppress recombination when heterozygous, a recently proposed

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